Can Computers Think? The History and Status of the Debate - Map 1 of 7
问题8
Issue Area: Are computers inherently dissabled?
问题域: 计算机是否天生残疾?
The link to the part of the map this discussion is about:http://www.macrovu.com/CCTWeb/CCT1/CCTMap1Disabled.html
(Pretty much Turing's speaking to himself, maybe because of the difficulty of specifying the issue so that it can be discussed in a scientifical way and most of the possibilities having already been covered by Turing's anticipations, or a yet insufficent
progress in this respect -- translator)
87.
Anticipated by Alan Turing, 1950
The argument from disabilities.Machines can never do X, where X is any of a variety of abilities that are regarded as distincly human, for example, being friendly, having a sense of humor, making
mistakes, enjoying strawberries and cream, or thinking about oneself. (These are all I like to do, I'm a human fortunately -- translator)
Note: A great deal of the debate represented on these maps are forms of disability arguments -- arguments that machines can't be creative, can't use analogies, can't be conscious, and so forth -- and so could also be thought of as supports
for this claim.
由阿兰·图灵1950年设想 残障观点。机器永远无法做X,其中X是任何被看作人类独有的能力。例如,表现得友善,有幽默感,犯错误,喜欢草莓和奶油,和想自己的事。
注: 这些图中大量的论争从某种程度上说都是某种形式的残障观点——例如关于机器不能有创造力,不能类比,不能有意识的观点等等——这些也能被看作是对这一观点的支持。
88. (Disputing 87) Alan Turing, 1950 Disability arguments derive from our limited experience with machines.Because the machines we've seen are clunky, ugly, mechanical, and so forth, we assume that a machine could never fall in love or enjoy
strawberries and cream. But these are just bad inductions from a limited base of experience.
(反驳87)阿兰·图灵,1950 残障观点来源于我们对机器的有限的经验。因为我们所见到的机器笨重、丑陋、机械等等,我们一般假设机器永远不会恋爱或吃草莓和奶油。然而这些只是从有限的经验中得出的结论。
89. (Supporting 87) Anticipated by Alan Turing, 1950 Computers can't enjoy strawberries and cream.Computers will never possess the human ability to enjoy strawberries and cream.
(支持87)由阿兰·图灵1950年设想 计算机吃不了草莓冰淇淋。计算机永远无法获得人类享受草莓和奶油的能力。
90. (Disputing 89) Alan Turing, 1960 Computers may be made to enjoy strawberries and cream.Computers might be made that will enjoy strawberries and cream, but the only importance of this would be illuminate other issues, such as the possibility
of friendship of man and machine.
(反驳89)阿兰·图灵,1960 计算机可能能被设计成能感受草莓和奶油。计算机能被做成能感受草莓和奶油的样子,不过这个的重要性是在于能启发其他问题,诸如人和机器的友谊的可能性。
91. (Supporting 87) Anticipated by Alan Turing, 1950 Computers can't make mistakes. (It may sound weird to say being unable to make mistakes is a type of disability -- translator) Computers differ from humans in that humans can
make mistakes, whereas computers can't. They are easily unmasked in the Turing test, because human would frequenly make mistakes in complex arithmetic whereas computers never do.
Note: For more on the Turing test, see Map 2.
(支持87) 阿兰·图灵1950年设想 计算机不能犯错。计算机不同于人类之处在于人类会犯错,而计算机不会。这一点能在图灵测试中轻易被发现,因为人类会时常在复杂数学计算中犯错,而计算机从来不会。
92. (Disputing 91) Alan Turing, 1950 Computers can make certain kinds of mistakes.Those who think computers can't make mistakes confuse errors of functioning (errors that result from the physical construction of the machine) with errors
of conclusion (errors that result from the machine's reasoning process). It is true that machines can't commit errors of functioning if they are properly constructed (they are intended and designed to be correct; so with regards to this issue they have again
to be intended and designed to be able to 'correctly' make certain mistakes -- translator). But machines can commit errors of conclusion, for example, by making faulty inferences based on a lack of adequate information. (Is making mistakes of such kind sufficient
for computers to be thought of as being able to make mistakes as humans do)
(反驳91)阿兰·图灵,1950 计算机能够犯某些错误。那些认为计算机不能犯错的人把功能性错误(机器物理构造问题引致的错误)和结论性错误(机器的思维过程的错误)混淆了。机器如果合理地构造了,就不会犯功能性错误。但计算机能犯结论性错误,例如,通过基于不恰当的信息而得出错误推论。
93. (Supporting 87) Anticipated by Alan Turing, 1950 Computers can't think about themselves.Computers cannot be the object of their own thoughts.
(支持87)阿兰·图灵1950年设想 计算机不能想它们自己的事。计算机不能成为它们自己的思考的对象。
94. (Disputing 93) Alan Turing, 1950 Computers can be the subject of their own thoughts.When a computer solves equations, the equations can be said to be the object of its thought. Similarly, when a computer is used to predict its own behavior
or to modify its own program, we can say that it is the object of its own thoughts.
(反驳93)阿兰·图灵,1950 计算机能成为它们自己的思考的主题。当一个计算机解方程时,方程式是它思考的对象。类似地,当一个计算机用于预测它自己的行为或更改它自己的执行程序时,我们能说它正成为他自己的思考的对象。
95. (Supporting 87) Anticipated by Alan Turing, 1950 Computers can't exhibit much diversity of behavior.Humans can display much more diversity of behavior than machines ever will.
(支持87)由阿兰·图灵于1950年设想 计算机不能充分展示行为的多样性。人类能比机器更好地表现行为多样性。
96. (Disputing 95) Alan Turing, 1950 Diversity of behavior depends only on storage capacity.Great diversity of behavior is possible for machines if they have large enough storage capacities. The objection is based on the misconception that
it is not possible for a machine to have much storage capacity. (maybe, but the relationships between motives or presentations of behaviour, and the evolution of behavior may still not easily be implemented even with large storage capacity at hand)
(反驳95)阿兰·图灵,1950 行为多样性只依赖于存储容量。对于拥有足够大容量存储的机器,行为多样性是可能的。这个反驳建立在以为机器无法拥有大存储的误解上。
分享到:
相关推荐
该项目的开发,以帮助残疾人士使用的计算机。这个节目的主要受众是人的手没有可靠的控制,但可以将自己的头。脑性麻痹,脊髓性肌萎缩症,ALS,多发性硬化症,脑外伤,各种神经系统疾病的人使用这个程序和它的前辈来...
残疾人就业:互联网时代的机遇与挑战.pdf
最新南宁残疾人婚姻介绍所残疾人不能解除婚姻关系吗WORD文件格式.docx
信息无障碍技术介绍 目 录 1. 文档说明 2 2. 信息无障碍技术的发展 3 2.1. 关键技术支撑体系 3 3. 残疾人信息无障碍核心服务支撑平台 4 4. 残疾人信息无障碍服务关键技术及信息资源支撑 5 5. 残疾人信息无障碍数字化...
汽车行业:2019年残疾人用车出口简析.pdf
暑期社会实践调查总结:残疾人生活调查.doc
残疾人康复工作计划 1.docx
java残疾人程序官方指南:想为残疾人开发有辅助功能的程序吗?官方文档提供了相关的类让你完成类似的功能。残疾人一样有使用软件的权利。
平均头痛频率为5.7天,平均疼痛强度为4.2。 大约27.5%的偏头痛是由偏头痛引起的中度至重度残疾。 男女之间没有显着差异。 结论:大多数偏头痛患者在学校的有效性下降,并且因做家务而错过的天数减少。 总体而言,...
目前公布的最新的残疾人全国监测数据是2008年的全国第二次监测数据。本次数据包括 2008-2012年的全部数据。 全国残疾人状况监测问卷,包括成人卷及儿童卷。主要内容包括残疾人及家庭基本情况、社会保障、教育、就业...
大班社会教案:帮助残疾人.doc
目前,计算机类学生就业火爆的场面已经过去,面对竞争激烈的就业市场,应首先学好专业技能,根据自己的特长及爱好选择一个方向对自己进行职业规划。首先学好学校的课程体系,然后认真对待学校的实训课程体系,增加自己的...
儿童出生日期与残疾分类之间的关系:它们存在吗? 学校的 Pryrhology 第 30 卷,1993 年 4 月 儿童出生日期与残障分类之间的关系:它们存在吗? 黛博拉 C. MAY AND RAY BROGAN 纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼大学 NANCY KNOLL...
1、统计期从 2016 年 4 月至 2017 年 3 月 2、“创客 201”启动,为残疾人创客插上翅膀, 3、 全国残疾人电商创业优惠政策大盘点,http:
计算机自适应测验中RASCH模型稳健性的模拟研究,邓远平,罗照盛,计算机自适应测验(Computerized Adaptive Test,以下简称CAT)是建立在项目反应理论(Item Response Theory)的基础上,按照一定的策略进行选题�
信息通信技术:让残疾人信息无障碍.pdf
网络时代助残报告:淘宝网16万家残疾人网店实现销售124亿元.pdf
残疾人康复服务指导中心工作制度.pdf
幼儿园教案2021-大班社会教案:帮助残疾人.doc
残疾人就业案例.docx